a. The science and art of diagnosing and treating disease or injury and maintaining health.

b. The branch of this science encompassing treatment by drugs, diet, exercise, and other nonsurgical means.

2. The practice of medicine.

3. A substance, especially a drug, used to treat the signs and symptoms of a disease, condition, or injury.

4. Something that serves as a remedy or corrective: medicine for rebuilding the economy; measures that were harshmedicine.

5.

a. Shamanistic practices or beliefs, especially among Native Americans.

b. Something, such as a ritual practice or sacred object, believed to control natural or supernatural powers orserve as a preventive or remedy.

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skeleton

the hardened tissues of the body together form the skeleton (sclero=hard).skeleton of invertebrates is most often secreted on the surface,forming a lifeless or dead exoskeleton .whereas skeleton of vertebrates develops most often underneath of the surface forming a living or growing endoskeleton .
three types of skeletons develop in verterbrates -

1. epidermal/horny exoskeleton

these include hard and horny keratinized derivatives of epidermal layer of skin ,such as claws ,most reptilian's scales,birds feathers and mammalian hairs ,horns ,nails and hoof ,etc.all living amphibians lack an exoskeleton.

2.    dermal/bony exoskeleton -


dermal bony skeleton is derived from the dermis of skin.it includes bony scales and plates or scutes(osteoderms),finrays and antlers of fishes ,some reptiles (crocodiles,turtles,and tortoises)and mammals .dermal scales become exposed due to wearing out of epidermis ,and form exokeleton

3 enodskeleton    

greater part of verterbrate skeleton lies more deeply,forming the endoskeleton .it develops from mesenchyme.endoskelet on is formed by bones in vertebrates .

Skeleton in different animals are as follown-

Invertebrate-

=========== 

Protozoa-no skeleton

Porifera-calcareous spicules+silicious spicules+spongin fibres in mesenchyme.

Coelenterata-calcareous(corals)and chitinous(perisarc).

Helminthes-no skeleton,cuticle present

Annelida-no skeleton ,cuticle present

In earthworm and ascaris hydrostatic skeleton is found that is fluid is filled in coelom and form turgid skeleton



general surgery

typhoid

This serious disease in adult or child is caused by another bacterium - Salmonella typhus's.
Signs and Symptoms
The most obvious sign of typhoid is a low grade fever lasting more than five days. Headache and the general condition of malaise are also indicative of typhoid. While the child feels increasingly ill, diarrhea may manifest itself; slow pulse; abdominal discomfort; delirium etc.
Gradually, the fever will rise to alarming heights, and the child will appear toxic, with a brown and furred tongue. There will be pronounced loss of appetite and dehydration.
Causes
The bacterium causing typhoid is spread through contaminated food and water, milk with sewage. Its incubation period is ten to fourteen days.
Pathology
(a) Enlargement of spleen.
(b) Inflammation of gall bladder.
(c) Acute Myocarditis.
(d) Inflammation and abscesses of the bones.
Complications
(a) Intestinal Hemorrhage.
(b) Intestinal Perforation.
(c) Meteorism.
(d) Acute Myocarditis.
(e) Bronchopneumonia.
(f) Acute Cholecystitis.
(g) Thrombophlebitis.
Treatment
(a) Isolation Procedures.
(b) General Nursing.
(c) Diet: Diluted milk, eggs beaten in milk, fluids, rusks, butter, etc.
(d) Specific Treatment: -
Chloramphenicol is an effective drug; it reduces the toxaemia and helps temperature to fall to normal in three to four days